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The magic of economies of scale isn't really about size — it's about the ratio of fixed costs to variable costs. Any system with high upfront investment and low marginal cost per unit will exhibit scale economies, which is why the pattern appears identically in factories, software, biology, and social institutions. The dark twin is diseconomies of scale: past a certain point, coordination costs grow faster than production savings, which is why every empire, company, and organism has a natural size limit.
