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The counterintuitive truth about bottlenecks is that optimizing a non-bottleneck is not just unhelpful—it can actively make things worse by creating excess inventory, wasted effort, or new coordination problems. Every system has exactly one binding constraint at any time, and the entire system's performance is governed by it. The deepest insight is that identifying the bottleneck tells you where attention is valuable and—equally important—where it's wasted.
